Leonardo da Vinci
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Lyell
Aristotle
Aristotle’s ideas dominated biological thinking for centuries, promoting the concept that species moved toward perfection associated with complexity, based on divine intervention.
Charles Darwin
Thomas Malthus
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Alfred Russel Wallace
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Belief in divine intervention
Observation of extreme variations among species
The theory of population limits by Thomas Malthus
Belief in the Earth being only around 6000 years old
Darwin was influenced by the observed extreme variations among species, which contradicted the prevailing divine design model and hinted at a different mechanism for species diversity.
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
Creationism
Geodesy
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Alfred Russel Wallace’s independent conclusions
Thomas Malthus’ urging
Charles Lyell’s research
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory
Alfred Russel Wallace independently reached conclusions similar to Darwin’s theory in 1858, which prompted Darwin to publish his own work to establish priority and present their joint findings in 1859.
Collection and cataloging of thousands of species
The recognition of the Earth’s young age
Observations of extreme variations among species
Impression from the Galapagos Islands
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The Descent of Man
Principles of Geology
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
The Voyage of the Beagle
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The exponential growth of populations
The impact of disease on populations
The limits of resources on population growth
The use of artificial selection in controlling population growth
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Use and disuse of organs
Natural selection
Environmental adaptation
Genetic inheritance
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Lack of evidence from the fossil record
Agreement with Lamarck’s acquired traits theory
Strong support from Charles Lyell’s geological findings
Confirmation through artificial selection experiments
Contrary to the divine design model, the fossil record revealed extinct species unlike any living today, challenging the idea of a linear progression toward perfection
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